<\/i><\/p>\n
Imagine you had a\ntime machine and you set the controls to the year 70,000 BP (this many years\nago) and the location to 30 degrees north by 30 degrees east.\u00a0 This would take you into one of the richest\nand most fertile lands on Earth, a valley just a few miles south of the Nile\ndelta called \u2018Faiyum.\u2019\u00a0 Today, this land\nproduces rice, a fantastic amount.\u00a0 It\nproduces more rice per acre than any other place on Earth.\u00a0 The conditions are perfect, with endless\nsun, endless water, fertile land washed downriver from the tropics over the\ncourse of millions of years.\u00a0 The modern\nrice is the same type as the wild rice that grew there 70,000 years ago.\u00a0 It is rich and wonderful land.\u00a0 <\/p>\n
What would you\nexpect to see?<\/p>\n
Perhaps, if you had\ngone back a lot further, say to 1 million years ago, you might find some\nmigratory people living in the area.\u00a0\nThey may be living a lot like the migratory \u2018Indians\u2019 that Lewis and\nClark encountered on their travels to the western part of North American in\n1803,basically hunting and gathering for their meals.\u00a0 They may look at you curiously and probably wouldn\u2019t have\nanything to say.\u00a0 Perhaps they may use\nthe standard gesture for \u2018are you hungry?\u2019 putting fingers together and raising\ntheir hand to their mouth with a questioning look in their eyes.\u00a0 If you smile back and have an affirmative\nlook in your eyes, they may motion for you to follow them to their camp.\u00a0 They would have some fish turning on a spit\nover a fire and some rice being steamed, together with roots and berries, in a\nhollowed out rock.\u00a0 They would grab up a\npalm leave and scoop some rice and fish onto it, and hand it to you.\u00a0 If they see confusion on your face, they may\ntake a few fingers full and put it into their mouths, and gesture for you to do\nthe same.\u00a0 <\/p>\n
They have no reason\nto do anything else.\u00a0 They see strangers\nfrom time to time.\u00a0 They are different\nand may know things they don\u2019t know.\u00a0\nYou may know about foods that they don\u2019t know about.\u00a0 You may know about medicines they don\u2019t know\nabout.\u00a0 You aren\u2019t a threat to\nthem.\u00a0 they don\u2019t think you are going to\n\u2018take their land\u2019 because they don\u2019t have any conception of human ownership of\nland.\u00a0 They treat you well until they\nhave reason to do otherwise.<\/p>\n
That is what you\nmight see if you went back a million years.\u00a0\nBut for this example, you aren\u2019t going back a million years, you are\ngoing back 70,000 years.\u00a0 By this time,\nricher lands have all been taken over by people with territorial sovereignty\nsocieties.\u00a0 Their land belongs to\nthem.\u00a0 Their food belongs to them.\u00a0 They are suspicious of strangers.\u00a0 There is a good chance they will kill you on\nsight, without even bothering to find out if you may have something to offer\nthem.\u00a0 (The conquering Spanish killed\nand killed and killed, without even bothering to find out of the \u2018Indians\u2019 they\nwere killing may have something to offer them.)\u00a0\u00a0 <\/p>\n
But there is a\nchance that you may happen on someone who treats you differently.\u00a0 There are people who are compassionate and\ncurious, even in societies where people are raised to be fearful of everything\noutside their experience.\u00a0 You may know\na few people like this.\u00a0 You may even be\none.\u00a0 Lets say you the first person you\nmeet does not attack you, but looks at you curiously.\u00a0 She forces a smile (you can see the fear in her face, but she is\ntrying.)\u00a0 You try to match her\nsmile.\u00a0 She holds out her hand, palm\nforward, in the universal gesture that says \u2018I am not holding a weapon.\u00a0 I mean you no harm.\u2019\u00a0\u00a0 She has a questioning look in her\neyes.\u00a0 She is asking you something:\u00a0 Do you intend to do harm to her?\u00a0\u00a0 You should realize there is an appropriate\nresponse.\u00a0 You need to show her that you\ndon\u2019t have any weapons in your hands.\u00a0\nYou point the palms at her and, to be sure she understands, turn over\nthe hands so she can see there is nothing inside.\u00a0 Gradually, her fear leaves her.\u00a0\nEventually, she makes the gesture:\u00a0\n\u2018Are you hungry?\u2019\u00a0 You let her\nknow you are.\u00a0 (You don\u2019t need words for\nthis.)\u00a0 She takes you back to her\nhome.\u00a0 She encounters a lot of others on\nthe way.\u00a0 They all know her.\u00a0 She takes your hand, a sign that you are\nwith her and under her protection.\u00a0 The\npeople she meets make confused faces but she pulls up your joined hands and\nputs them where they can see them.\u00a0 You\nare with her.\u00a0 If they value their\nrelationship with her, they will not harm you.\u00a0\n<\/p>\n
Imagine she takes\nyou to her family home and gives you something to eat.\u00a0 She makes it clear, without speaking, that\nyou are her guest.\u00a0 Her family is to\ntreat you as such.\u00a0 All this can be done\nwithout words. You don\u2019t have to say anything and she doesn\u2019t even have to be\ncapable of speech.\u00a0 We can make a lot of\nthings known without speech.\u00a0 <\/p>\n
You could go to the\nsame place today.\u00a0 You could fly into\nCairo Airport and take a taxi or Uber (41 minutes, according to Google) to the\ncenter of the Faiyum valley.\u00a0\u00a0 You could\nstay at the Lake\nHouse by Tunisia Green Resort\u00a0 <\/a>(about\n$55) and take a cab into the busy area where the common Egyptians live.\u00a0 If you took some lessons in Nobiin before\nyou left (<\/span>Nobiin<\/a> is the language that common people have spoken in that part of Egypt for many\ncenturies), you may strike up come conversations with the locals.\u00a0 You may ask for recommendations for\nrestaurants, for example, ask about things that are for sale, or, if are very\nbrave, talk about politics.\u00a0 Most of the\npeople you would meet are very poor and aren\u2019t literate, so you wouldn\u2019t expect\nto talk about things that are too complicated.\u00a0\nBut even uneducated people can have great insight about many things.\u00a0 If you found an area of interest, you might\nexpect some interesting discussions.<\/p>\n Now I want to ask\nyou to imagine what kind of contrast you would expect to find between the\npeople who lived in this valley 70,000 years ago, and the people who live there\ntoday.\u00a0 How do they differ?\u00a0 <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n There were some\nimportant changes in the condition of the planet Earth that occurred starting\nabout 70,000 years ago that may give insight about this.\u00a0 The first to notice these changes and write\nabout them was Charles Darwin, who discussed the in his 1830 book \u2018The Voyages of the\nBeagle<\/a>.\u2019\u00a0\u00a0 He was studying fossil\nrecords and found a dramatic change in the number of animals that existed\nbefore and after a certain date.\u00a0 There\nwere a lot of animals that existed before that date that did not exist after\nthat date.\u00a0 In other words, there was a\nmass extinction event.\u00a0 This mass\nextinction events has come to be called the \u2018quaternary\nextinction events.\u2019<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0 It was such a\ndramatic change, that biologists consider it to be a dividing line between two\neras, the Pleistocene and Holocene.\u00a0 <\/span><\/p>\n Further research\nshowed that the extinction events didn\u2019t take place at the same time\neverywhere.\u00a0 They moved in a kind of\nwave.\u00a0 They started in north Africa\nabout 70,000 BP (this many years ago).\u00a0\nThey then spread up to the north and west, through Europe and up to the\nnorth and east through Asia.\u00a0 They the\nextinction events traveled at a rather leisurely rate and reached the far east\nof Asia about 55,000 BP.\u00a0 The wave\narrived in Indonesia about 50,000 BP and arrived in Australia about 47,000\nBP.\u00a0 <\/p>\n Then, the wave of\nextinctions took a long pause.\u00a0 <\/p>\n It began again in\nAmerica about 15,000 BP.\u00a0 It spread\nslowly, as it had spread through Asia and finally reached the tip of South\nAmerica about 13,000 BP.\u00a0 <\/p>\n Darwin\u2019s evidence\nhas been scrutinized in great detail by people looking for possible\nerrors.\u00a0 They haven\u2019t been able to find\nany.\u00a0 His findings have been verified\nover and over again.\u00a0 These events\nhappened.\u00a0 Something <\/i>caused a\nwave of mass extinctions of certain kinds of animals that started in Africa and\nthen traveled around the world over the course of 58,000 years.\u00a0 <\/p>\n What was this\n\u2018something?\u2019\u00a0 <\/p>\n Darwin\u2019s book came\nout in 1831, nearly 200 years ago.\u00a0\nPeople have been trying to figure out what caused the For most of this\nperiod, they worked very hard to come up with explanations that would allow\nthem to claim that these events were not <\/i>caused by humans.\u00a0 There is a reason this was their primary\nfocus.\u00a0 Their field was built on\nassumptions that had been mandated by religious doctrines that held that humans\nhave only existed for 6,000 years.\u00a0 If\nhumans didn\u2019t exist before 6,000 years ago, they obviously couldn\u2019t have caused\nevents that took place 70,000 years ago.\u00a0\nThere had to be some other explanation.\u00a0\n<\/p>\n Researchers tried\nhard to find something that made sense.\u00a0\n<\/p>\n They came up with a\nlot of theories.\u00a0 The two that survive\nto this day involve possible collisions with comets or other bodies from space,\nand changes in weather.\u00a0 Some of the\ntheories pointed to impact by extra terrestrial objects that just happened <\/i>to\ngo in a wave over the areas where the extinctions took place.\u00a0 Some claimed there was a climate change wave\nthat started in Africa and traveled up to the Mediterranean Sea where it split,\npart going north and west into Europe and the other part going east through\nAsia;\u00a0\u00a0 then there was a pause and the\nclimate changed in Indonesia and Australia.\u00a0\nThen there was another pause and this climate change event started again\nin North America 15,000 years ago, then traveled down to South America,\narriving there 13,000 years ago.\u00a0 Then\nthe weather went back\u00a0 to normal\nworldwide.\u00a0\u00a0 (You will find a lot of\npeople on the internet who still don\u2019t want to believe there were humans on\nEarth 70,000, and go to great lengths to try to make the \u2018wave of climate\nchange events\u2019 seem plausible.\u00a0 Many of\nthe people who are behind these papers have letters after their names and good\nreputations in their fields.)\u00a0\u00a0 <\/p>\n When I first\nlearned about these events, I was in graduate school.\u00a0 The year was 1980.\u00a0\u00a0 At\nthat time, the prevailing view was that the events couldn\u2019t have been caused by\nhumans because humans had not arrived in any of the areas where the events took\nplace by the time they took place.\u00a0\nRadiological dating techniques were primitive and tests were very\nexpensive, so not any artifacts had been tested.\u00a0 Dates were estimates based on non-scientific analysis.\u00a0 Times have changed a lot.\u00a0 As the tests got better and cheaper, more artifacts\nwere tested and the \u2018date of first arrival of humans\u2019 in the different areas\nwas pushed back and back.\u00a0 Now, a lot of\nevidence has been found that people lived in these areas when the events\nstarted.\u00a0 In Australia and the Americas,\nthe extinction events coincide with the arrival of humans in the various areas\nexactly.\u00a0 A lot of people still try to\nfind ways to make it seem that these events were not caused by humans.\u00a0 But their arguments get thinner and harder\nto accept every year.\u00a0 The prevailing\nview seems to be shifting as I write this in 2024.\u00a0\u00a0 More than half of the articles I found on the internet about the\ncause claim the events were caused by humans.\u00a0\u00a0\n<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n The homo sapiens\nspecies (our species) already lived in Africa, Europe, and Asia, when the\nextinctions began.\u00a0 But these homo\nsapiens were not the same subspecies as modern humans.\u00a0 They were homo sapiens neanderthalis in the\nwest (Europe) and homo sapiens denisova in the east (Asia).\u00a0 We know that the homo sapiens neanderthalis\nand homo sapiens denisovan are the same species <\/i>as modern humans.\u00a0 If we were in the same place at the same\ntime, we could breed with them and produce babies that were healthy and capable\nof reproducing themselves.\u00a0 <\/p>\n But we don\u2019t know\nmuch about the capabilities of these early subspecies of homo sapiens.\u00a0 Most likely, if you really could go back\n70,000 years BP to Faiyum, and spend time with the people there, you would not\nfind them to have the same level of intellect as the people you would meet if\nyou flew there and stayed in the Lake\nHouse<\/a> and walked through the same areas today.\u00a0 Back 70,000 years ago, you would probably be able to communicate\nwith them on basic matters, like a need for food or a desire for sex.\u00a0 But you probably wouldn\u2019t be able to hold\ncomplex conversations with them.\u00a0 You\nwouldn\u2019t be able to plan an extremely complex event or activity, say one that\nrequired hundreds of people to cooperate and play different roles to work.\u00a0 <\/span><\/p>\n Modern humans have\nfantastic capabilities to communicate complex ideas through spoken words.\u00a0 There was obviously a time when our\nancestors didn\u2019t have this ability.\u00a0\n(The pans clearly did not have it.)\u00a0\nThere must have been a time when this ability developed.\u00a0 If you could go back to just before <\/i>this\nability existed, then compared the realities to just after <\/i>it was\ncommon, you would expect to see a dramatic difference in the way people\nlived.\u00a0 The ability to express complex\nand abstract thoughts through speech gives us fantastic capabilities that no\nother animals have.\u00a0 We would expect to\nsee some evidence of this change in basic realities of life for the people that\noccurred in the places and at the times when people gained this incredible\ncapability.\u00a0 <\/p>\n If we accept that\nthe brain components that make it possible for us to express complex thoughts\nwith speech developed in Africa about 70,000 years ago, and these components\nprovided such great advantages to the people with them that those without them\nsimply couldn\u2019t compete, and there was a \u2018wave\u2019 of \u2018increasing mental\ncapability\u2019 that started in Africa and spread around the world over the course\nof 57,000 years, then the wave of extinction events makes total sense.\u00a0 <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n Most likely, people\nwanted <\/i>to get rid of certain animals all along.\u00a0 Saber tooth tigers went extinct during these\nextinction events.\u00a0 These tigers were\nfierce and powerful predators.\u00a0 Humans\nhave no real defenses against these cats.\u00a0\nWe can\u2019t outrun them.\u00a0 We can\u2019t\noutfight them.\u00a0 Our skins are very thin\nand they can cut through them without trying.\u00a0\nAt night, when we are most helpless, we can\u2019t even see them.\u00a0 They can follow every move we make.\u00a0 We are little more than walking snacks to\nthem.\u00a0 They can grab us whenever they\nare hungry.\u00a0 <\/p>\n We could <\/i>kill\nthem however.\u00a0\u00a0 We are very smart.\u00a0 But a single person, no matter how smart,\ncould not hope to successfully kill large numbers of tigers alone.\u00a0 To hunt them, large numbers of people would\nhave to work together in a very organized way.\u00a0\nEach of the people in the team would have a specific task.\u00a0 It would have to be worked out in advance,\ntogether with contingencies and ways to get help from others if they couldn\u2019t\ndo their task themselves, or if they find themselves in danger.\u00a0 This kind of activity would require a lot of\ncommunication.\u00a0 <\/p>\n And killing one\ntiger, or even a hundred, won\u2019t make any difference.\u00a0 The only way to be safe from tigers would be to wipe them all\nout.\u00a0 This means that the project would\nhave to be carried out with cooperation of large numbers of other groups over\nvast differences.\u00a0 This kind of activity\ncould not take place without a very advanced capability to communicate with others.\u00a0 <\/p>\n We know this:\u00a0 Saber tooth tigers once existed in vast\nnumbers in areas where humans lived.\u00a0\nNow, they are no more.\u00a0 They\n\u2018went extinct\u2019 in the extinction events along with a great many other very\ndangerous predators.\u00a0 This happened\nsomehow.\u00a0 Tigers eat a lot of different\nanimals.\u00a0 A lot of animals would have\nwanted them gone.\u00a0 But only one had the\nability to make this happen:\u00a0\nhumans.\u00a0 Stupid <\/i>humans\ncould not have made this happen.\u00a0 The\npeople who made this happen had to intelligent and articulate.\u00a0 They had to be able to express complex\nabstract ideas, to understand complex plans, and to contribute to these plans\nover time, over a course of many generations, to accomplish something that all\nhumans would have wanted.\u00a0 (No one wants\nto watch human children being eaten by tigers.)\u00a0\u00a0 <\/p>\n Predators weren\u2019t\nthe only <\/i>animals that went extinct in these events.\u00a0 A great many other animals that are not <\/i>predators\nwent extinct too.\u00a0 <\/p>\n These other animals\nall had something in common:\u00a0 they ate\nfoods that humans could eat and wanted to eat.\u00a0\nThey competed with us for food.\u00a0\nAnything they ate, we could not eat.\u00a0\nSome of these animals were enormous and ate fantastic amounts of\nfood.\u00a0 A few mastodons could break into\nany granary that early humans made and eat an entire year\u2019s food for a tribe in\na single day.\u00a0 There is nothing the\npeople could do to prevent this without coordinated effort.\u00a0 You aren\u2019t going to scare a mastodon away as\nyou would scare away a deer.\u00a0 He\noutweighs you 10 times over and has tusks that can impale you, by a twist of\nhis head.\u00a0 Humans can hunt and kill\nmastodons.\u00a0 But this requires\ncoordination by a lot of people in a very complex project.\u00a0 <\/p>\n Most likely, humans\nwould have wanted to get rid of these animals all along.\u00a0 But before about 70,000 years ago, they\ncouldn\u2019t do this.\u00a0 (If they could have\ndone it, they would have and the animals would have gone extinct earlier.)\u00a0 Then, something changed.\u00a0 Their capabilities increased enough to allow\nthem to get it done.\u00a0 <\/p>\n They gained the\nability to wipe out predators and competitors in one area, in Africa.\u00a0 The people with this ability then spread to\nEurope and Asia.\u00a0 Most likely, this\nhappened by the process Darwin called \u2018sexual selection<\/a>.\u2019\u00a0 People decide who they want as sex partners.\u00a0 We hear people talking about this issue\ntoday:\u00a0 \u2018I want someone I can talk\nto.\u2019\u00a0 Those who can understand us and\nmake us feel that they are on the same page are more desirable than the oafs\nand walking bags of hormones who can do the deed, but are strangers to us after\nit is over.\u00a0 However it happened, it\ndid.\u00a0 The ability to express complex\nideas spread.\u00a0 <\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n Modern humans have\nthree tiny brain components that the people who lived before 70,000 years ago\nmay not have had.\u00a0 These brain components\nallow us to turn our thoughts into mental words, then turn these mental words\ninto sounds (by speaking), then allow us to recognize sounds that are intended\nto be interpreted as thoughts when we hear them (including when we hear\nourselves speaking), then to translate these sounds into thoughts that we can\nprocess as if we had generated these thoughts ourselves.\u00a0 These brain components transfer the things\nwe are thinking into the minds of others, through the medium of speech.\u00a0\u00a0 <\/p>\n Scientists have\nbeen able to identify these components using MRI\nscanners<\/a> that trace electrical signals through the brain.\u00a0 They have people think about something while\nin a scanner.\u00a0 They see the pattern\ndeveloping: that is the electrical signature of the \u2018thought.\u2019\u00a0 They can then ask the person to consider <\/i>saying\nwhat is on her mind, then to actually say it.\u00a0\nthey can follow the electrical activity and find out where these mental\nactivities are taking place.\u00a0 <\/span><\/p>\n The thoughts that\nwill eventually become the things we call \u2018words,\u2019 originate in a place called Broca\u2019s area<\/a>.\u00a0 The signals are then transferred through Arcuate fasciculus<\/a>\nto become the signals that cause our vocal chords to vibrate to create the\nsounds that we associate with these words.\u00a0\nWhen we sounds that our minds think may be words, the signals from the\nsounds are transferred to a part of the brain called Wernicke\u2019s area<\/a>.\u00a0 They are then processed and sent back\nthrough the Arcuate\nfasciculus<\/a> into Broca\u2019s\narea<\/a>, which tests them to determine if they are words.\u00a0 If they are words, they are then processed\nback into thoughts in that area.\u00a0 When\nwe speak aloud, we hear our words and this gives us feedback that tells us the\nthoughts are being properly expressed, at least in a way that allows us to\nunderstand them.\u00a0 <\/span><\/p>\n Genetic analysis is\nstill in it infancy.\u00a0 Almost certainly,\nthere are DNA patterns that somehow get translated into the cell division\nsignals that take place as babies develop to cause their brains to develop\nthese components.\u00a0 We can expect these\ngenes to be found, eventually.\u00a0 At this\npoint, we will be able to compare DNA profiles of modern humans to neanderthals\nand denisovans to see if they had these genes.\u00a0\nIf we find they didn\u2019t, when we do, this is going to help us understand\nhow we differ from neanderthal and denisovans.\u00a0\nWe don\u2019t have this information yet, but we do know this:\u00a0 We have mental capabilities\u00a0 that our evolutionary ancestors did not\nhave.\u00a0 These include our higher speech\nfunctions.\u00a0 These capabilities allow us\nto do things that our ancestors could not do, including wipe out animals that\nfeed on us and take food that, if not taken, would be available for us to\neat.\u00a0 <\/p>\n If you want to\nunderstand a complex concept, it makes sense to try get a big pictures of the\nconcept first, before you delve into the details.\u00a0 If you want to understand a car, you should look at a car first,\nand watch one work.\u00a0 Then you can see\nhow the parts fit together to make a working car.\u00a0 It is very hard to understand if you only deal with details and\ndon\u2019t know how it fits together.\u00a0 Cars\nhave tiny devices called \u2018piston rings\u2019 that perform very complex\nfunctions.\u00a0 You could study these functions\nfor years before fully understanding every different thing different piston\nrings do.\u00a0 But knowing this won\u2019t help\nyou understand how the car works, if you have never seen a car.\u00a0 It is useless information unless you can fit\nit into a big picture that makes sense.<\/p>\n Here, I want you to\nunderstand how the conditions of existence for humans came to be as they are\ntoday.\u00a0 We need to know this because we\nhave a lot of very serious problems to solve.\u00a0\nIf we don\u2019t know how we got where we are, we have no hope in solving\nthese problems.\u00a0 <\/p>\n The development of\nthe brain components responsible for complex speech marks an enormous event in\nhuman history, possibly on a par with the ability to use fire.\u00a0 These are the key events in our past, the\nones that we have to understand if we are to understand where we are and where\nwe can go from here.\u00a0 We may not have\nexact information about all of the details, but we do have enough information\nto formulate theories that fit all of the information we have and have a very\nhigh likelihood of being eventually proven to be correct.\u00a0 We don\u2019t have to wait for this proof to use\nthe theories to help us understand the big picture.<\/p>\n If we accept that\nthe brain components responsible for complex speech developed about 70,000\nyears ago, we can make a lot of sense out of things that otherwise are pretty\nhard to see clearly or understand.\u00a0 I\nthink it makes sense to accept this as a working theory:\u00a0 the difference between modern humans and the\nlower subspecies (homo sapiens neanderthalis and homo sapiens denisovan) is the\nability to turn complex thoughts into the things we call \u2018words,\u2019 to\ncommunicate these \u2018words\u2019 to others through speech, to recognize sounds that\nare intended to be communication of \u2018words\u2019 when we hear them, and to translate\nthese words back into thoughts in our minds.\u00a0\u00a0\n<\/p>\n We can do these\nthings.\u00a0 We know this.\u00a0 This is not a theory, it is a fact.\u00a0 The theory is that the lower subspecies did\nnot have these brain components or the abilities they bring.\u00a0 The theory is that this is the most\nimportant difference between modern humans, the subspecies homo sapiens\nsapiens, and the suibspecies that existed before 70,000 BP. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" 8: The Era of Modern Humans Begins Imagine you had a time machine and you set the controls to the year 70,000 BP (this many years ago) and the location to 30 degrees north by 30 degrees east.\u00a0 This would take you into one of the richest and most fertile lands on Earth, a […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":164,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-4861","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/factbasedhistory.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4861"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/factbasedhistory.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/factbasedhistory.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/factbasedhistory.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/164"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/factbasedhistory.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4861"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/factbasedhistory.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4861\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/factbasedhistory.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4861"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}Complex Language Skills and Quarterly Extinctions<\/h2>\n
What This Helps us Understand<\/h2>\n
Speech And The Ability To Control The Environment On A Large Scale<\/h2>\n
Speech<\/h2>\n