society.<\/span><\/a><\/i>\u00a0 <\/p>\nIndustrial societies dominate the world today. \u00a0Industrial systems require a great many\ncomplex structures that are not necessary in non-industrial systems.\u00a0 <\/p>\n
They need money, for example.\u00a0 The people who work to make steel have to be given something they\ncan trade for food, lodging, and other services.\u00a0 They need courts and rules to protect private property\nrights.\u00a0 People will not make the\nfantastic investments needed for industry unless they know their rights to the\nproperties they build will be secure and not depend on the whims of a\nparticular ruler.\u00a0 They need massive\nroads and other infrastructures.\u00a0 They\nneed investment systems that allows large amounts of \u2018capital\u2019 to be raised\nfrom numerous investors and dedicated to the project.\u00a0 <\/p>\n
Industrial societies are necessarily extremely complex.\u00a0 I don\u2019t think you can really appreciate the\nchanges that will happen next, in the historical account, without understanding\nhow difficult it is to make steel.\u00a0 <\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
How To Make Steel<\/h2>\n
<\/p>\n
If you want to make steel, you need to start with iron.\u00a0 Iron is one of the most abundant elements on\nthe earth.\u00a0 But it is not found in metal\nform.\u00a0 It is found mixed with oxygen, as\n\u2018iron oxide,\u2019 also known as \u2018rust.\u2019\u00a0 To\nget metal, you need to remove the oxygen.\u00a0\nThe process of removing the oxygen is called \u2018smelting.\u2019<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
The term smelting is a combination of\u00a0 the word \u2018smoke\u2019 and \u2018melting.\u2019\u00a0\nIt uses smoke to get metal to melt.\u00a0\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The smoke is needed because\nsmoke contains carbon monoxide.\u00a0 You\ngenerate the carbon monoxide by building a fire.\u00a0 It needs to be very, very hot.\u00a0\nYou put the ore into the fire (this is described below).\u00a0 As the ore heats, the chemical bond between\nthe oxygen and ore gets weaker and weaker.\u00a0\nAt some point, the bond is so weak that the carbon monoxides attraction\nis stronger, and the oxygen flies out of the ore and into the smoke.\u00a0 At this point, the\u00a0 metal instantly melts.\u00a0 It\nwill drip through the fire to the ash below.\u00a0\nYou can wait until the ash is cool and sift through it to find the bits\nof metal.\u00a0
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The smelting process is the same\nfor al metals.\u00a0 But different metals\n\u2018smelt\u2019 at different temperatures.\u00a0 The\nsofter metals smelt at relatively low temperatures.\u00a0 You can smelt them with a wood fire.\u00a0 This is not true for iron<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
To smelt iron, you need an extremely hot fire.\u00a0 Wood doesn\u2019t burn hot enough for this.\u00a0 Natural gas doesn\u2019t burn hot enough.\u00a0 Coal doesn\u2019t burn hot enough.\u00a0 Oil doesn\u2019t burn hot enough.\u00a0 The only natural fuel that burns hot enough\nto smelt iron is pure carbon.\u00a0 Until\nvery recently, when people figured out how to make \u2018coke\u2019 out of coal, the only\nsource for pure carbon was charcoal.\u00a0 <\/p>\n
If you want to smelt iron, you need charcoal.\u00a0 You will need a lot of it, as you will\nsee.\u00a0 (One of the main justifications\nfor the exploration to the new world in the 1400s was a search for wood.\u00a0 The forests in Europe had all been cut down\nto make charcoal, mainly to use to make steel.\u00a0\nThe mills had all shut down for a lack of fuel.\u00a0 One of the first things that Columbus did\nwhen he began conquest of Haiti was begin cutting down the forests there to\nmake charcoal.\u00a0 This was the \u2018black\ngold\u2019 of his day.\u00a0 What was the charcoal\nused for?\u00a0 He smelted iron to make\nsteel.)\u00a0 <\/p>\n
The text box below explains how to make charcoal:<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Wood to charcoal:\u00a0
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Wood is made of hydrocarbons,\nwhich are molecules with both hydrogen and carbon.\u00a0 To get pure carbon (charcoal) you need to get rid of the\nhydrogen.\u00a0 You do this by heating the\nwood to a very high temperature under conditions that prevent it from catching\non fire.\u00a0 To prevent this, you need to\nmake sure that no oxygen (from the air) is in contact with the wood
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 If you want to do this, you\nneed to build a kind of igloo out of clay blocks, large enough for you to sit\ninside.\u00a0 It needs a chimney on the top\nat least 6 feet high and an opening at ground level big enough to crawl through\nwith loads of wood for the fire inside.\u00a0\nYou then pile the wood you will turn into charcoal over the igloo\u00a0 to a depth of about 5 feet.\u00a0 You then cover the entire thing with about a\nfoot of dirt.\u00a0 Then build a fire in the\nigloo.\u00a0 (The air for the fire will come\nthrough the opening you walk through to carry the wood.)\u00a0 Keep it very very hot for about 2 days.\u00a0 You will have to work furiously this entire\ntime to make sure there is enough wood in the igloo to keep the fire inside at\nthe right temperature.\u00a0
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Then let it cool for a few\ndays and remove the dirt.\u00a0 You have\ncharcoal.\u00a0
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 It takes about three tons of\nwood to make a ton of charcoal this way.\u00a0\nYou put a ton and a half of wood on the igloo to start.\u00a0 You burn the other ton and a half.\u00a0 It is very unpleasant work and requires a\nlot of skill.\u00a0 You have to understand a\nlot of things to do it right, and you have to do them all well.\u00a0 But all this is necessary to make\nsteel.\u00a0 <\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Once you have charcoal, you need to make the smelting\nfurnace and the bellows.\u00a0 You can make\nthe smelter out of clay.\u00a0 It needs to be\na certain shape with a chimney and a hole in the bottom for the bellows.\u00a0 People used to make the bellows out leather\nthat is fastened to two large boards.\u00a0 <\/p>\n
Once you have this set up, you can start smelting iron.\u00a0 You start by building\u00a0 a fire in the furnace using charcoal.\u00a0 It needs to be very, very hot, much hotter\nthan it will burn by natural aspiration of oxygen.\u00a0 You need a massive bellows.\u00a0\nYou need several people who will rotate with each other to pump the\nbellows as rapidly as they can.\u00a0 This\nbellows blows air (which contains oxygen that the charcoal needs to burn)\nthrough the pulverized fuel, causing it to burn more rapidly and making it hotter.\u00a0 <\/p>\n
If you watch this being done, you will see that even the\nstrongest workers can\u2019t last much longer than 10 minutes on the bellows at the\nrequired pace.\u00a0 This means you will need\nto rotate people onto this task.\u00a0 You\nwill probably need at least 6 people for this; that gives them one 10 minute\nshift every hour.\u00a0 <\/p>\n
You also need a large number of people pouring of pulverized\ncharcoal down the chimney and into the furnace.\u00a0 As you do this, the fire gets hotter and hotter.\u00a0 At a certain point, it is hot enough.\u00a0 (You will need someone who has done this\nbefore to tell you when you are at this point.)\u00a0 Now you can start mixing tiny bits of iron ore into charcoal.\u00a0 Keep pouring the ore and fuel mixture into\nthe chimney for about 18 hours.\u00a0 You\nneed massive amounts of fuel for this.\u00a0\nAll this time, your helpers must be pumping the bellows furiously:\u00a0 if they slow down for even a few seconds,\nthe furnace will become too cool and all effort so far will be wasted:\u00a0 you will have no iron.\u00a0 <\/p>\n
If you do this right, after 18 hours there will be iron\nmetal in the furnace.\u00a0 The metal turns\ninto a liquid as soon as it loses its oxygen.\u00a0\nIt then drips out of the mixture and flows to the bottom.\u00a0 You will want to put a mold on the bottom to\ncatch the iron.\u00a0 The iron will harden to\nthe shape of the mold.\u00a0 <\/p>\n
The standard mold looks like a mother pig nursing her\npiglets.\u00a0 Because of this, the iron in\nthis form is called \u2018pig iron.\u2019\u00a0 <\/p>\n
If you are very skilled and good at cutting your costs, you\ncan turn three tons of charcoal and three tons of iron ore into about 2 pounds\nof pig iron.\u00a0 <\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Steel<\/h2>\n
<\/p>\n
Iron and steel are to different things.\u00a0 Iron is the raw material you need to make\nsteel.\u00a0 You have to do a lot of hard\nwork to turn iron into steel.\u00a0 You can\nfind many descriptions on the internet, but here is a quick one:\u00a0 <\/p>\n
Take the pig iron and hold it with tongs.\u00a0 Put it into a very hot charcoal fire.\u00a0 Leave it there until it glows white\nhot.\u00a0 You will need a helper with a\nbellows blowing oxygen through the charcoal, and replenishing it constantly as\nit burns, to make this happen.\u00a0 Once you\nget it white hot, take it out and hammer it into a thin sheet.\u00a0 <\/p>\n
Then put the sheet back into the fire to make it white hot\nagain.\u00a0 Then fold the sheet in half and\nhammer the halves into a new thin sheet, heating as necessary.\u00a0 Keep doing this, over and over.\u00a0 <\/p>\n
The difference between iron and steel is carbon.\u00a0 Steel has between 1% and 3% carbon.\u00a0 The carbon comes from the smoke of the\ncharcoal fire.\u00a0 You need to literally\nbeat it into the metal.\u00a0 The more carbon\nthe metal has, the harder the steel.\u00a0\nThe 1% iron content steel is considered \u2018soft\u2019 steel.\u00a0 It is still much harder than iron and has\nmany uses, so a lot is made.\u00a0 The 3%\nsteel is very hard, suitable for tools and swords.\u00a0 <\/p>\n
There is a television show called \u2018forged in fire\u2019 where\npeople compete to make steel knives using this method.\u00a0 They have machines to do the hammering, so\nthey can make good steel in a few days.\u00a0\nBut if you did the hamming by hand, you would need several months to\nmake a good knife or sword.\u00a0 Back when\nthe work was done by hand, steel swords were legacy items, handed down from\ngeneration to generation.\u00a0 A good sword\ncould cost more than a years of salary for a top officer.\u00a0 <\/p>\n
Steel is a fantastic product.\u00a0 It now holds together skyscrapers that are thousands of feet\nhigh; it forms the hulls of submarines that travel thousands of feet below the\nocean, it is provides the casings for bombs and rockets.\u00a0 As of the 21st<\/sup> century, nearly\nall military weapons are made of steel; for most military uses, nothing\nsuperior has been found in spite of 4,000 years of searching<\/p>\nIn 2000, archeologists found the oldest steel weapon to be\ndiscovered to date at the Kaman-Kaleh\u00f6y\u00fck archeological site in Turkey.\u00a0 Here is an excerpt from the press release:<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
A piece of ironware excavated from a Turkish archaeological site is\nabout 4,000 years old, making it the world\u2019s oldest steel, Japanese\narchaeologists said on Thursday.\u00a0 Archaeologists\nfrom the Middle Eastern Culture Center in Japan excavated the 5-centimetre\npiece at the Kaman-Kalehoyuk archaeological site in Turkey, about 100\nkilometers southeast of Ankara, in 2000.\u00a0\nThe ironware piece is believed to be a part of a knife from a stratum\nabout 4,000 years old, or 2100-1950 BC, according to them
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 An analysis at the Iwate\nPrefectural Museum in Morioka showed that the ironware piece was about 200\nyears older than one that was excavated from the same site in 1994 and was\nbelieved to be the oldest steel so far made in 20th-18th centuries BC.\u00a0 The ironware is highly likely to have been\nproduced near the Kaman-Kalehoyuk site as a 2-cm-diameter slag and two\niron-containing stones have also been excavated, Kyodo news agency quoted the\narchaeologists as saying.\u00a0 <\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Industrial Evolution\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/h2>\n
<\/p>\n
Before the steel age began, states didn\u2019t have to be very\nbig or well organized.\u00a0 Most of\u00a0 early states were built around cities like\nFaiyum.\u00a0 They were basically rich\nfarmlands surrounded by a convoluted collection of paths that go around the mud\nhuts where people live and operate little kiosks that sell the things they\ncan\u2019t make themselves.\u00a0 <\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Qqq Faiyum valley 3<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Enormous changes will be needed to build industry.\u00a0 To support heavy industry, you absolutely\nneed a centralized and highly organized economy.\u00a0 This would not be a simple task for the people who lived 4,000\nyears ago.\u00a0 They had never seen and\nindustrial society.\u00a0 They didn\u2019t know\nhow one worked.\u00a0 They would have to\nfigure it out themselves, basically with trial and error.\u00a0 They would need a lot of things that we take\nfor granted now and think we understand (because we use them every day) but\naren\u2019t really intuitive or easy to figure.\u00a0\n<\/p>\n
Consider the thing we call \u2018money.\u2019\u00a0 The early city states didn\u2019t really need<\/i> money.\u00a0 In Faiyum, people produced mostly rice.\u00a0 If you aren\u2019t a rice farmer but keep chickens for their eggs, you\ncan trade your eggs for rice, both to feed your chickens and meet your own\nneeds.\u00a0 Others may fish or make hats out\nof rice straw and trade these items for things that they need.\u00a0 The government can collect taxes in rice,\nwhich can then be used to feed the troops.\u00a0\nBarter can meet the needs of the pre-industrial system.\u00a0 But it is hard to imagine putting together\nthe resources needed to build and operate an industrial system without\nmoney.\u00a0 Even today, no one seems to have\nattempted it; I can\u2019t imagine anyone trying and succeeding 4,000 years\nago.\u00a0 <\/p>\n
This seems simple enough at first.\u00a0 If you need money, create it.\u00a0\nGovernments print it and then tell people \u2018this is money\u2019 and they start\nusing it, right?\u00a0 <\/p>\n
But if you had never seen money and some people who had\ngained positions of leadership told you these little pieces of paper were able\nto buy anything in the country, you would probably laugh.\u00a0 Even today, economists argue about what\nmoney is, how it works, and why people continue to accept it.\u00a0 There must be some reason.\u00a0 If you wanted to build a steel mill 4,000\nyears ago, you would have to figure out how to make money and<\/i> how to get people to accept it.\u00a0 <\/p>\n
The industrial state will also need infrastructure.\u00a0 You need a lot of charcoal to make\nsteel.\u00a0 You can\u2019t have people strapping\npiles of twigs to their horses and then traveling from the forests (which get\nfarther away as the closer trees are removed) to the charcoal plant, and expect\nto keep a large steel mill operating.\u00a0\nYou need roads that are big enough for heavy wagons.\u00a0 They have to be good roads:\u00a0 if the wagons can\u2019t make it through, the\nsteel production stops.\u00a0 <\/p>\n
You will need a lot of workers.\u00a0 These people will have to devote their lives to dangerous,\nextremely unpleasant, and very difficult work.\u00a0\nThis work must be done right so they must be well educated and they must\nbe able to remain motivated and keep working year after year, as many hours as\nyou can get them to work.\u00a0 They need to\nbe motivated as children just to get them to take the time to go to school and\nlearn the skills.\u00a0 The schools must\nexist and have funding.\u00a0 <\/p>\n
At first, these states won\u2019t be very good at these\nthings.\u00a0 Even today, 4,000 years into\nthe industrial period, states seem to be struggling to figure out the next\nstep.\u00a0 But they have to try.\u00a0 They were born into a system where people\nhave fantastically strong genetic and cultural tendencies to identify them with\na group of people, in this case a state, and to use the resources of that group\nto fight other groups to gain territory for their group.\u00a0 <\/p>\n
This may not make much sense but it is reality:\u00a0 we can all see the fanatical people who\noperate current states doing everything they can to fan hatred and fear to make\ntheir people fight harder.\u00a0 Once people\nunderstand how to make steel, they know their enemies can have it and may use\nit to destroy them.\u00a0 They need more than\nthe enemies.\u00a0 <\/p>\n
They may not know exactly how to organize an industrial\neconomy to make it happen.\u00a0 But they\nhave to try to figure it out<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
It may seem that this particular discussion is being presented in\nthe wrong time period.\u00a0 You may be\nthinking:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2018Aren\u2019t industrial\neconomies very recent things?\u00a0 Didn\u2019t\nall important industrial innovations take place in the last 200 years?\u00a0 How could this be relevant to a discussion\nof events 4,000 years ago?\u2019
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 As we will see shortly, this\nisn\u2019t true.\u00a0
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 There are people that think we\ncan never have sound societies if industry exists and want to \u2018disappear\u2019 it\n(to use George Orwell\u2019s term for \u2018make it appear it never existed\u2019).\u00a0 Many people have tried to wipe out industry,\nat various times, and then rewrite the history books to make it appear it never\nexisted.\u00a0 We will look at look at two of\nthese events in the next few chapters.\u00a0\nThe most notable was started by Emperor Constantine in the year 322\nAD.\u00a0 At the time, the European area was\nwell into the industrial age with numerous large industrial facilities\nproducing enormous amounts of both steel and cement. \u00a0(You can read about the steel in works of Homer written in circa\n880 BC, in Herodotus "History" circa 446 BC and in Aristotle\u2019s\n\u2018Physics\u2019 circa 350BC.\u00a0 You can see the\ncement work with your own eyes in Europe where massive edifies built of\nconcrete built 2000-3500 years ago are pretty much everywhere.)
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Although many such attempts\nhave been made, the most successful was that of Emperor Constantine, which\nstarted in the year 322 AD.\u00a0 All books\nwere burned, all schools closed, all corporations shut down with their assets\nturned over to the church, a new book that Constantine ordered written, called\n\u2018The Bible,\u2019 was composed in Latin and only vetted priests were allowed to\nlearn to read Latin.\u00a0 The result was a\n\u2018dark age\u2019 that lasted more than a thousand years and resulted in a decline\nestimated to be 50% of the population.\u00a0\n(Without technology, only primitive techniques could be used and\nproduction collapsed.)\u00a0\u00a0 We will look at\nthe events that led to this and the reason it happened in later chapters. \u00a0
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Yes, most of what we know now\nabout running an industrial economy is new.\u00a0\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 But we aren\u2019t learning it the\nfirst time, we are relearning <\/i>this information.\u00a0
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 If you watch the news, you\nwill see that many people want to try the same thing Constantine tried\nagain.\u00a0 They want to send us back to the\ndark age (again).\u00a0 We have been here\nbefore and we are making the exact same mistakes we made before.\u00a0 <\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
The Principle of Group Augmentation<\/h2>\n
<\/p>\n
The purpose of this book is to reconstruct the past events\nthat put the human race onto the path we are now on.\u00a0 This path leads to ever increasing problems that will take us, if\nwe stay on this path long enough, in our extinction.\u00a0 If we want to find a way to get onto a path that leads somewhere\nelse, we have to understand the forces that put us on this <\/i>path.\u00a0 We also have to understand the forces that\nare pushing us forward toward the end.\u00a0 <\/p>\n
One of these forces is the evolutionary force called \u2018group\naugmentation.\u2019\u00a0\u00a0 <\/p>\n
Evolution works by competition.\u00a0 Animals compete as individuals.\u00a0\nThe fittest individuals survive these competitions and pass their genes\non to future generations.\u00a0 <\/p>\n
Groups also compete.\u00a0\nThe fittest groups<\/i> (where\n\u2018fittest\u2019 means \u2018best at getting the group what it needs\u2019) survive.\u00a0 Group augmentation works by dividing the\nanimals into individual groups and pitting the groups against each other in\nbattles for territory.\u00a0 (\u2018states\u2019 are\ndifferent competing groups).\u00a0 Group\naugmentation works wherever the ability of a large group of individuals to work\ntogether matters.\u00a0 It works on bees,\nants, and other eusocial\nspecies<\/a>.\u00a0 Our ability to act\ntogether as states, and the larger collections we call \u2018nations\u2019 matters:\u00a0 the states that are best at conquering and\nholding territory get the highest quality territory.\u00a0 They can eat when people from states that don\u2019t work as well are\ndefeated and lose the land that once fed them.\u00a0\n<\/p>\nBees and ants and other eusocial animals without the ability\nto think and plan on a conscious level have no choice but to continue to\ncompete.\u00a0 If they competition gets to a\npoint where it threatens to wipe out their entire species, they can\u2019t stop\ncompeting:\u00a0 they don\u2019t have the ability\nto take this into consideration.\u00a0 <\/p>\n
We are different.\u00a0 If\nwe find ourselves under the influence of forces that threaten to wipe us out,\nwe can organize a plan to get out from under that influence.\u00a0 This is possible.\u00a0 Other books in the Possible Societies<\/i> series explain how\nto do this.\u00a0 <\/p>\n
But before we can take any plan to make changes seriously,\nwe need to recognize that these forces really do exist.\u00a0 We have to understand that we are on a path\nthrough time.\u00a0 We have to understand how\nwe lived in the past, going as far back as possible.\u00a0 We need to understand that there is a process that causes animals\nto change and evolve according to certain rules.\u00a0 We need to understand that this same process works for us.\u00a0 We need to understand that this process is\nnot necessarily benevolent.\u00a0 It may not\nmove us where we want to go.\u00a0 If it is\nmoving somewhere we don\u2019t want to go, we need to understand what we must to do\nto break away from the path it has put us on and get us onto another path<\/p>\n
Until about 570 BC, there is no historical evidence that\nanyone made any serious attempt to bring the idea of intelligent design into\nanalysis of society.\u00a0 This should not be\nsurprising:\u00a0 we don\u2019t have much real\nevidence of the thoughts of anyone that goes back more than 2,600 years,\nbecause very few written documents remain of the earlier period.\u00a0 The next chapter resumes the history in 570\nBC.\u00a0 <\/p>\n
Bear in mind that when we get to this period, we are not\nstarting with cave men who hit girls over the head with clubs and drag them\ninto caves for sex.\u00a0 We are starting at\na time when people know how to make both steel and concrete (the most important\noutputs of heavy industry) and have been making these things for\ncenturies.\u00a0 It is very, very hard to\nfind an efficient way to organize industrial states to make them good at\nwar.\u00a0 They don\u2019t have it all figured out\nas of 570 BC.\u00a0 (We don\u2019t really have it\nfigured out now, as you can tell by watching the news.)\u00a0 But they have been trying various different\nthings for a long time.\u00a0 Evolution has\nbeen operating this entire time.\u00a0 States\nbetter at organizing themselves for war have advantages in war.\u00a0 States that are not good at this get\nconquered.\u00a0 They are taken over by\nbetter states, who then move their organizational structures (the ones that\nwere better at making them better at war) to the conquered areas.\u00a0 Over long periods of time, society has been\nevolving in ways that gradually eliminate any features that may make the states\nweak, passive, concessionary, liberal, or non-confrontational.\u00a0 Evolution reinforces<\/i> any characteristics that make the states more cohesive\n(those that promote patriotism and nationalism), more aggressive, more willing\nto sacrifice.\u00a0 <\/p>\n
Many people could see that these things are not working to\npromote what we might call a \u2018sound society\u2019 (one that can advance the\ninterests of the human race as whole over the long term).\u00a0 By the year 570 BC, many people could\nclearly see that the competitive, territorial, aggressive societies that were\nin place at the time could not meet the long term needs of the human race as a\nwhole.\u00a0 We needed something else.\u00a0 Many people tried to figure out what else\nwas possible.\u00a0 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Chapter 10:\u00a0 Industry comes to the World Bronze is a very useful military metal.\u00a0 But steel is much, much harder and stronger than bronze.\u00a0 A steel sword will slice right through bronze armor.\u00a0 A steel arrowhead can cut through several plates of bronze kill the solder or the horse being protected by the armor.\u00a0 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":164,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-5756","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/factbasedhistory.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5756"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/factbasedhistory.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/factbasedhistory.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/factbasedhistory.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/164"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/factbasedhistory.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5756"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/factbasedhistory.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5756\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5919,"href":"https:\/\/factbasedhistory.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5756\/revisions\/5919"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/factbasedhistory.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5756"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}